See flum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flim"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flom"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flomme"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
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],
"word": "floum"
},
{
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{
"lang": "English",
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"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flowm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flym"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"tags": [
"Ormulum"
],
"word": "flumm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:flūmen"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"overflow\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"blow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰel-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰlewH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰluH-yé-ti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"fluō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"noun-forming suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"flūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"flum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"flum\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "flūmen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin flūmen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "flūmen"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin flūmen",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin flūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "flum oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "fluns",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fluns",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "flum",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "flun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "flum oblique singular, m (oblique plural fluns, nominative singular fluns, nominative plural flum)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
24,
29
]
],
"english": "He was plunged into the river of Hell!",
"ref": "c. 1250, Marie de France, Yonec:",
"text": "[…] il fu el flum d'enfern plungiez!",
"translation": "He was plunged into the river of Hell!",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"river"
],
"id": "en-flum-fro-noun-X1qO2PE5",
"links": [
[
"river",
"river"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "riviere"
},
{
"word": "flueve"
}
]
}
],
"word": "flum"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flim"
},
{
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{
"lang": "English",
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"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flom"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "flomme"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
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"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "floum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flowm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "flym"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "flume"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flum"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "flume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"tags": [
"Ormulum"
],
"word": "flumm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:flūmen"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"overflow\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"blow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰel-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰlewH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰluH-yé-ti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"fluō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"noun-forming suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"flūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"flum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"flum\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "flūmen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin flūmen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "flūmen"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin flūmen",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin flūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "flum oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "fluns",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fluns",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "flum",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "flun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "flum oblique singular, m (oblique plural fluns, nominative singular fluns, nominative plural flum)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (blow)",
"Old French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰlewH-",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with quotations",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
24,
29
]
],
"english": "He was plunged into the river of Hell!",
"ref": "c. 1250, Marie de France, Yonec:",
"text": "[…] il fu el flum d'enfern plungiez!",
"translation": "He was plunged into the river of Hell!",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"river"
],
"links": [
[
"river",
"river"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "riviere"
},
{
"word": "flueve"
}
]
}
],
"word": "flum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for flum meaning in Old French (6.4kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'flum oblique singular or', originally 'flum oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"flum"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "flum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'flum oblique singular or', originally 'flum oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"flum"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "flum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'flum oblique singular or' in 'flum oblique singular, m (oblique plural fluns, nominative singular fluns, nominative plural flum)'",
"path": [
"flum"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "flum",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (ade7ec3 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.